Kirkness, K. B., Sharkey, J., & Scarlata, S. (2025). Calcium Unified: Understanding How Calcium’s Atomic Properties Impact Human Health. Cells, 14(14), 1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14141066

Abstract

Calcium plays a major role in all cellular functions, and its regulation is important in all aspects of human health. This key role calcium plays in cell function can be traced to its unique molecular coordination geometry, which is often overlooked in understanding calcium function. In this review, we integrate calcium’s ability to form various complexes with proteins and small molecules with its role as a key signaling atom. We argue that calcium’s ability to vary its coordination structures, compared to magnesium’s rigid geometry, explains its importance in biological functions. By examining calcium-mediated proteins, such as those containing EF-hand domains and those that assemble and stabilize the extracellular matrix in tissue organization, we demonstrate how calcium’s varied geometric coordination serves as both a signaling molecule and a regulator of physiological homeostasis.

Keywords:

calcium; coordination geometry; cell signaling; extracellular matrix; tensegrity; calcium-mediated tensegrity; basic sciences; biomedical education

Sharkey, J. (2026). Stochastic Fascia: The Ionic Fabric of Consciousness - A Clinical Anatomist's Perspective. International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 15(7), 001–012.

Abstract:
Years of fascia-focused dissection make it impossible to regard the body as an assembled machine. Dissection reveals that there are no levers in the body and no 'layers' whereby skin is the youngest deposit and bone the oldest. In geology, layers form sequentially according to the Law of Superposition, where the deepest layer is the oldest and the most superficial is the youngest. Embryology does not work in that way. Unlike a machine, the body grows its coherence across a spectrum from softness to hardness, yet mechanistic metaphors persist: the heart as pump, the brain as computer, the tendon as pulley. Such language has profoundly influenced science, culture, and contemporary thinking around consciousness. This paper draws upon embryology, clinical anatomy, extracellular matrix biology, mechanotransduction, bioelectric signalling, autonomic physiology, and contemporary theories of biological coherence to propose that continuity precedes anatomical differentiation and persists throughout life, despite the descriptive boundaries imposed by anatomical nomenclature. Fascia is considered as a continuous, developmentally grounded, ionically active biological continuum extending throughout the organism, providing a primary component of the biological environment through which structural organisation, physiological adaptation, mechanosensation, and embodied awareness are integrated across multiple spatial and temporal scales. This paper distinguishes established anatomical and physiological evidence from theoretical interpretation and advances the hypothesis that the fascial continuum participates in the biological conditions through which embodied awareness becomes possible. Concepts including stochastic development, emergence, bioelectric morphogenesis, extracellular matrix dynamics, and multiscale biological coherence are considered within a single developmental framework that emphasises relationship over reductionism and becoming over assembly. This perspective argues that consciousness is not the spark of a biological machine but the dynamic coherence of a body that continually forms and reforms itself, with fascia providing the biological substrate through which local sensation contributes to global awareness.

Keywords: Fascia; consciousness; embryology; developmental biology; extracellular matrix; bioelectricity; mechanotransduction; stochasticity; emergence; embodiment; connective tissue; ionic coherence.             DOI: 10.46882/2026IJAP000111


Sharkey J. Fascia Is Not a System: A Critical Appraisal of Terminological Drift in Anatomical Literature. Clin Anat. 2026 Jul 15. doi: 10.1002/ca.70175. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42458875.

PMID: 42458875

Abstract

Terminology surrounding fascia has expanded considerably following renewed interdisciplinary interest in connective tissues, surgical anatomy, mechanotransduction, manual therapies, and movement science. Motivation for this publication arose from the observed disparity between formal anatomical nomenclature and widespread terminology usage. Commonly used expressions in current literature include "the fascial system" and "the superficial fascial system." Widespread adoption of such terminology has occurred with limited or no critical examination regarding its anatomical validity or its lack of consistency with internationally recognized anatomical nomenclature standards. This review critically evaluates the recurring classification of fascia as a "system" within scientific and clinical literature. Drawing upon established anatomical principles and the terminological frameworks promoted by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminologies, it is argued that fascia does not satisfy the defining criteria associated with anatomical systems. Fascia demonstrates continuity across regional, structural, and functional boundaries, resisting reduction into discrete organ-based hierarchies. A narrative review methodology was employed to identify representative examples within peer-reviewed literature in which fascia was described as a "system" and analyzed in relation to accepted anatomical definitions and broader principles of biological organization. The paper further examines how repeated uncritical use of the term through publication and peer review has contributed to conceptual ambiguity in anatomy education, clinical communication, and fascia research. Consistent with the nomenclature principles and classifications recognized by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and its terminological frameworks, fascia should not be described as a "system".

Keywords: FIPAT; International Federation of Associations of Anatomists; Terminologia Anatomica; anatomical nomenclature; anatomical systems; anatomy education; connective tissue; fascia; fascial continuum; fascial system.

© 2026 American Association of Clinical Anatomists and British Association of Clinical Anatomists.

The New Podcast for People Interested in John's fascia Research- The Fascia Conversation

The Fascia Conversation Podcast brings the published research and developing ideas of clinical anatomist John Sharkey into a friendly, engaging and easy-to-listen-to format. Presented by Alice and Isaac, our AI-generated hosts, each episode takes one of John’s papers and opens its central arguments, evidence and wider implications to thoughtful conversation.

Academic papers often address complex subjects and require concentrated reading. For those who prefer to listen, the podcast offers another way to explore and better understand topics including fascia, anatomical continuity, stochastic biology, connective tissue architecture and living human form. The conversational format makes the research accessible to anatomists, clinicians, therapists, movement practitioners, students and anyone with a curiosity about the body.

People learn in different ways. By making the research available in both written and audio formats, The Fascia Conversation Podcast supports a wider range of learning preferences and gives more people an opportunity to engage with ideas that might otherwise remain within academic publications. Each episode is designed to encourage curiosity, reflection and further discussion, while inviting listeners who wish to explore the subject more deeply to read the original paper.

Links to a small sample of John’s research papers concerning tensegrity, biotensegrity and fascial anatomy

Structural Integration-The Journal of the ROLF INSTITUTE® December 2016

I am delighted to share this edition of the journal for Rolf SI's. It has a specific focus on Biotensegrity and lots of interesting discussions on the topic. Of course, Dr. Levin is in there and excellent musings from Michael Maskornick but apart from Biotensegrity I was very happy to see an informative interview with my friend and colleague Dr. Wiley Patterson who I hold in high regard. Enjoy the journal which I hope you will find informative. john

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